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Proto-Ridinian (RECONSTRUCTED)
[box] [b]Proto-Ridinian[/b] [b]*r̩dñ̩ą̋ [r̩ːdɲ̍ɒ̃́][/b] [b]Time period: 365 bc-997 ad [/b] [/box] Proto-Ridinian is the suppposed protolanguage of the Ridinian family, spoken somewhere around Modern day Akhergelsk, Russia [b] Phonology [/b] [b][i]Consonants[/i][/b] [box] nasals: *m *m̩ *n *n̩ *ñ (ɲ) ñ̩ (ɲ̍) *ŋ *ŋ̍ stops: *p *b *t *d *k *ɡ *q *ġ (ɢ) *′ (ʔ) affricates: *c (ts) *dz *č (tʃ) *dž (dʒ) ejectives: *p' (pʼ) *t' (tʼ) *c' (tsʼ) *č' (t̠ʃʼ) *k' (kʼ) *q' (qʼ) fricative: *v *z *ž (ʒ) *ř (ʐ) *ĝ (ɣ) *ğ (ʁ) *h (ɦ) liquid: *w *l *r̩ (r̩ː) *r (ɽ) *j *ł (ɫ) *l̩ (ɫ̩ː) [/box] [b][i]Vowels[/i][/b] [box]close: *i *ü (y) *y (ɨ) *u nearclose: *ĭ (ɪ̆) *ù (ʊ) *ŭ (ʊ̆) close-mid: *e *ë (ə) *ö (ɵ̞) *o nearopen: *ĕ (ɛ̆) open: *ä (æ) *a (ɑ) *å (ɒ)[/box] [b][i]Nasal vowels[/i][/b] [box] close: *į (ĩ) *ų̈ (ỹ) near-close: *ų (ʊ̃) near-open: *ę (ẽ) *ę̈ (ə̃ ) open *ą̈ (æ̃) *ą (ɒ̃)[/box] [b][i]Stød/Glottalization[/i][/b] Proto-ridinian [b][i] allegedly [/i][/b] had Glottalization, in reconstructions, its transcribed using a hook above, so, say [aˀ] would be transcriped as *ả, [b][i]Tone[/i][/b] Believe it or not, Proto-Ridinian reconstructions feature tone [box] mid: *a (a˧) high: *a̋ (a˦) low: *ȁ (a˨) [/box] Tone could co exist with stød & nasalition in a single syllable, so you could end up with quadruple diacritics like as in *dğ[b]ų̈̉̏[/b] (Arrow/Stirrup) [b][i]The lack of voiceless fricatives [/i][/b] As you can see, there are no voiceless fricatives, the reason all living Ridinian languages (like Pelsaquin, Fayrian, Gür, & Gátire) have voiceless fricatives, this is is the case due to the voiceless stops leniting to fricatives, & the ejectives shifted to basic stops. [b][i]From *Ġ to H[/i][/b] All living Ridinian languages have no [ɢ], how did this happen? It shifted from [ɢ] to [ʕ] to [ɦ]. So *r̩ġę̉̏ (to stir) became Proto-East-Ridinian *r̩ˁȅm̉ to Pelsaquin rhem. Other branches such as central Ridinian (the branch of Fayrian & Gür), it became [g], so *r̩ġę̉̏ became Proto-Central-Ridinian *r̩̄ğȅm̉ to Gür rgem In the now extinct Peninsular Ridinian (Spoken in Crimea and some of the Caucasus allegedly, disappeared in ~1970, give or take) branch, *Ġ being [ɢ] was retained, Insular Ridinian (which was historically spoken in Gutland and the Estonian islands of Hiiumaa & Saaremaa, which disappeared in the very late 20th century ~1996, give or take) another extinct branch had *Ġ shift to pharyngeal [ʕ] which in Insular-Ridinian transcriptions is represented by <g̈> [b][i]Retroflex [ɽ] to alveolar [ɾ][/i][/b] All living Ridinian languages like say, Pelsaquin or Gür, have no retroflex tap, instead an alveolar one, this happened because [ɽ] shifted to [ɾ], Some traditional dialects of Pelsaquin preserve the Retroflex [ɽ]. [b][i]Syllable structure[/i][/b] Proto-Ridinian had a (S)(C)(C)V(C)(S)(P)(C)(V)(C)(S)(F)(P)(S)(C)(V)(C)(C)(V) syllable structure (in reconstructions at least), (S) Indicates a syllabic consonant, (P) a plosive, & (F) a fricative. [b][i]Grammatical gender[/i][/b] Proto-Ridinian [b] Probably [/b] had grammatical gender, in reconstructions *-ę̈̏ and other midvowels mean masculine, *-į̏ front vowels mean feminine, *-ą̏ & other back vowels masculine, all Ridinian language have lost it tho. [b] Numbers[/b] Idk what to put here so just have the list 1- *rą̋ 2- *t'ı̋q'ë̏ 3- *ře̋ 4- *t'ȁ 5- *vĭ̋ 6- *rőjù̏ 7- *jä̏t' 8- *da̋qȍ 9- *t'ı̋pz 10- *ġa̋t'ȍ 11- *ġa̋t'rą̏ 12- *ġa̋t'ik'ë̏ 13- *ġa̋trȅ 14- *ġa̋t'jȁq' 15- *ġa̋vit'ë̏ 16- *ġa̋t'rojȕ 17- *ġa̋tjetë̏ 18- *ġa̋daħo 19- *ġat'ipzë̏ 20- *t'i̋qatë̏ 30- *re̋jat'ë̏ 40- *t'a̋q'qat'ë̏ 50- *vi̋t'qat'ë̏ 60- *rőjùt'qat'ë̏ 70- *je̋tqat'ë̏ 80- *da̋qħat'ë̏ 90- *t'i̋pqat'ȍ 100- *ja̋ħënȍ 1000- *qa̋t'anë̏