With strong cultural and economic ties to Britain, the NAU along with the rest of the United Commonwealth have adopted Anglo-Saxon capitalism as their economic model, focused on market liberalization, privatization, free trade, lower regulation and taxes, and a public sector providing less services than seen in Europe. However, it has adopted its own unique version of a compassionate market economy, inspired by Neiderhofferian ideas, to build up a welfare state. The NAU is a huge trading partner for the entire United Commonwealth and is heavily involved in the formation of trade agreements between the Empire and other countries and regional blocs.

- Common exports of the NAU are machinery, electronic equipment, analytical combine equipment, aerocraft, motorcars, petroleum, plastics, medical equipment, agricultural products, and natural resources. The NAU imports pharmaceutical goods, motorcars, electronics, household goods, telecommunications equipment, and video equipment.

- However, the NAU does consider itself a mixed economy, with universal healthcare and new commitment to addressing poverty with new spending programs of the previous governments over the last three decades. The federal and provincial governments frequently work together on funding and implementing social spending programs. Education provision is almost entirely a Americans. It replaced the 1972 Family Assistance Program as a more comprehensive, multi-benefit, pro-work yet generous program than FAP.

- Taxation is divided between the general and provincial jurisdictions. General taxation is mostly income tax, with tariffs, duties, excises, and other small fees and taxes providing a small but still significant source of federal revenue. Quit rents of general crownlands provide the Viceroy's salary; this has contributed to steady support of land taxes in many provinces, and at the general level the quit rents are at a low level (about 1 percent for lands valued above 3000 NA pounds) while provincial quit rents are on average somewhat higher for the same tax base (above 3000 NA pounds). The provinces implement their taxes, mostly income and sales taxes, along with some stamp duties and alcohol taxes, as well as provincial modified quit rents (land value taxes) that fund not only gubernatorial salaries but also many public services.

There is no goods and sales tax for necessities as deemed by the general government. There is a 10 percent luxury goods tax, and a 5 percent general goods and sales tax on goods that are neither necessities nor luxuries. There is a 5 percent "administrative" tariff on non-United Commonwealth goods across the board to fund the institutions of the United Commonwealth. There is a 25 percent tax on all income over (excluding investments) over 72,000 NA pounds sterling. There is a 25 percent succession duty over 1.5 million NA pounds sterling on all inheritances. There is a general stamp duty and alcohol duty of 10 percent each.

The Particular Treasurers in each Province collect the federal revenues on Joint Orders (Viceroy and House of Commons authorizing tax collection for general-level revenue every year); the Particular Treasurers run the provincial sections of HM General Inland Revenue Office, the inland revenue service of the NAU. The GIRO handles federal taxation, while each Province handles its taxation. There may be at times when the general government may call upon the provinces to provide funds directly to the general fund from their provincial funds, with the Particular Treasurers empowered to collect upon provincial consent.

- Organized labor laws are handled at both the provincial and federal levels, depending on the industry. The largest trade union organization is the North American Consolidated Laborers Union (NACLU), a federation of unions over several major industries.

- Each Province has a minimum wage law, and there is a federal wage subsidy for federal employees and contractors with the federal government, and for workers in industries regulated by the federal government with provincial advice on impacts on the local economy. These are adjusted with COLA clauses with employee contracts, either in union contracts or in provincial/general law.

- Generally, inter-provincial compacts resolve a lot of the need to centralize yet also keep regional and diffused for many economic policies, such as employment laws, minimum wages, occupational licensing, and even free trade of particular goods via dismantling of soft protectionist policies.

- History:
In the 17th and 18th Centuries, governing colonial assemblies in the provinces began taking on the lending functions of banks to generate revenue and finance farming and development. The governments would establish offices called "land banks," and would issue and lend paper currency. The loans would return on a regular payment schedule to prevent inflation and ensure adherence with English sterling. The low taxes resulting from these public finance mechanisms were partly responsible for the rapid economic expansion of the provinces. The Bank of Pennsylvania, chartered in 1793, allowed the province to use its dividends to finance government expenses without any direct taxes for the next 40 years. The Bank of British North America became the general government's lender and fiscal agent much like the provincial banks, using tax revenues deposited into the bank and other capital injections to fuel interprovincial and national infrastructure projects, but was a privately owned commercial entity. This function of lending out to commercial entities was de facto separated into the National Financial Administration, a government financing corporation that lent out to prospective businesses and entrepreneurs to build up democratic capitalism in the NAU.

The North American Bank was first established officially, succeeding the de facto national and central bank of the NAU the Bank of British North America which was technically a private entity. In 1867, a royally chartered government bank was established as the North American Bank (NAB). This bank would serve as a link between the provincial and general level, operating to moderate speculation and supplying good loans to growing areas of the NAU, rather than a single national bank against the many provincial banks that stood around the country. In the early to mid 19th century, with the BNA in operation, scholars and historians noted investment money from the Southeast flow northward and then back again, creating a tie between wealthy Southerners and the growing industrial class in the North. With loans available in the South during bad growing seasons, farmers could float their harvests and maintain a booming agricultural environment. As the crisis over slavery loomed in the 1830s and 1840s, it was decided that the economy was strong enough to put forth an effort to “buy out” the slaves from Southern owners, a national manumission bill that saw several iterations with the final iteration carried out under the NAB with the National Manumission Act 1867, which finally abolished slavery in the NAU by emancipating the remaining slaves and indentured servants still in service, which was hardly any left. The NAB, like BNA, was modeled on the Bank of England.

Post-emancipation, it fostered the growing and expanding North American industrial economy, and consolidated the currency union of the NAU, with the North American pound sterling becoming more and more economically important within and without the British Empire. During the Great Slump, it was nationalised and ceased offering commercial services like other banks and became the central reserve bank of the NAU. As a central bank, the North American Bank would issue banknotes backed by the full faith and credit of the NAU (and ending the backing of the North American pound by gold, silver, and commercial paper), serve as a lender of last resort to the national government, and set interest rates for the country's banks. This lending made public debt interest-free. In the Great Global War, the NAB financed a large war effort, helping create the world's largest navy. Following the war, the Bank subsidized farmland and education for veterans, funded infrastructure, aeroports, and technology, and helped the government establish pensions, the FAP, and UCHIP. It still offers personal banking services for its employees and general government employees working in Philadelphia, and it manages some public-facing services such as exchanging superseded bank notes. The NAB is also the custodian of the All-Union Gold Reserve.

The NAB has a President, Vice-President, and a Court of Directors. The Court of Directors is a unitary board that is responsible for setting the organisation's strategy and budget and taking key decisions on resourcing and appointments. It consists of five executive members from the Bank plus up to 9 non-executive members, all of whom are appointed by the Crown with the approval of the General Legislative Council. The Minister of Finance and the Exchequer selects the Chairman of the Court from among the non-executive members. The Court is required to meet at least seven times a year. The President and Vice-President both serve for a period of eight years, the Executive Directors for five years, and the Non-Executive Directors for up to four years. The Vice-President of the NAB is the groomed successor of the President, serving essentially for 16 years as the leader of the monetary system of the NAU. There is a Board of Provincial Bank Presidents, consisting of the 52 provincial banks' presidents or their representatives, varying from fully public provincial banks to quasi-public/hybrid provincial banks to fully or nearly privatised provincial banks that provide services to provincial publics and governments, that coordinate policies and practices with the NAB Court of Directors, and to foster regional economic development banking and financial policies; bank presidents per EPR form subcommittees that set EPR monetary responses. The General Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the MPC "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances", but such orders must be endorsed by the General Parliament within 28 days.

The NAB also has a Monetary Policy Committee, which meets for three and a half days, eight times a year, to decide the official General Official Bank Rate, the rate that the NAB charges banks and financial institutions for loans with a maturity of 1 day. It is the General Government's key interest rate for enacting monetary policy. The General Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the MPC "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances", but such orders must be endorsed by the General Parliament within 30 days.

The NAB also has a Financial Policy Committee that acts as a macroprudential regulator to oversee the NAU's financial sector.

The metronym for the NAB is Chestnut Street, where representatives of the provincial banks and the private commercial banks have offices for influencing monetary and financial policy, as well as the location of the General Department of Finance and the Exchequer and the Royal North American Mint.

- Inter-provincial banking and national branch banking in the NAU has largely prevented from creating too few "too big to fail banks", allowing competition and excellent health for all financial institutions. Few banks collapsed in the Great Slump, which was actually precipitated by a liquidity crisis with securities on the RNYSE in 1925 and several provincial branch failures of the Union Financial Administration, a national credit agency for corporations and businesses, along with the growing arms race between the United Commonwealth and the emerging Russo-German alliance that increased inflation and taxes and didn't really help with boosting consumer demand when the economy crashed. Insurance affiliates with the UFA were established under the Macmillan Prince government in the recovery program during the 1930s. The North American pound banknotes were backed by gold, commercial paper, and General Treasury bonds as promised by the BNA and NAB (this ended during the Great Slump with a switch to fiat currency). However, the NAB was still created as a way to make monetary and financial policy decisions fairer towards labor, farmers, and small business owners who did suffer from the Great Slump's initial effects, as well as have an overarching system for monetary regulation.

-The North American pound became the dominant world reserve currency after the reorganization of the United Commonwealth Exchange Rate Area, UCTO, and UCMF in the 1970s, with the NAB having the power, the same as the Bank of England, to issue government bonds (aka Britannic Unity bonds) in composite Atlantic pounds (with the NAU Pound making up a majority portion of that composite basket of currencies, followed by the British pound sterling as the largest minority of currencies in the basket) sterling and NAU pounds sterling on behalf of all of the Commonwealth member states jointly, while the Bank of England had the same powers for both its own currency and the Atlantic composite pound. UC member-states would be able to petition the BoE (for pounds sterling as the nominal imperial currency and for European financial stability), the NAB (for general international financial market stability) and the UCMF (having limited issuance powers for the Atlantic pound for economic development projects only) to make the issuance of these Britannic Unity bonds and remit the funds to them. The bonds were then secured against the solvency of the United Commonwealth as a whole under the UC Public Debt Consolidation and Sharing Scheme, ensuring that interest rates would remain low. The UCMF, NAB, and the Bank of England would be required to make the bond issuance provided that doing so would not cause serious damage to the financial integrity of the United Commonwealth as a whole. In practice, this allows smaller countries to borrow money on the international markets at significantly lower rates than previously available to them.

The NA pound is commonly referred to as the swan, and slang for a North American pound sterling is "Quid" just like in Britain. The NAU currency area gradually developed, starting in 1840s and finished in the 1930s. First, it was voluntarily adopted by the eastern provinces as they were closer to the Atlantic and Philadelphia, while the West Indies and the Western Provinces had their own currencies. Later, there was full adoption by provinces or some provinces pegged to the NAU pound before adoption. By 1930s all provinces of the Union adopted the NA pound and the banking system of the NAU was finally centralized and controlled by the NAB.

The "Top 10" largest banks in the NAU, and all are members of the New York Bankers Association and who all are headquartered on Broad Street in New York, are:
1) Manhattan-Aikens
2) Bixby-Koch Savings and Loan
3) Barings America
4) United Commonwealth Shared Risk
5) Prominence Financial Group (Milton-Fitzpatrick is the leading bank of this Group)
6) Pacific Finance
7) Royal Anglo-American Capital
8) Watson and Partners
9) Axe Capital
10) Imperial Financial Holdings, Ltd.

-Home-ownership is rather high in the NAU compared to other countries, with home-ownership rates in the range 65-70% over the long-run.

-Several resource-rich provinces have established sovereign wealth funds to invest oil royalties for long term gains and macroeconomic uses, particularly in the Northwestern Provinces; they coordinate for regional macroeconomic stability. The general government may also contribute to these via putting in General Treasury Bills (GTBs), which are considered very safe. Also, there is a federal-provincial government-linked holding company to hold the government shares of the large North American oil consortium, Consolidated Petroleum of North America (CPNA).

- 26 provinces have alcohol control boards and quasi-monopolies to retail and distribute alcoholic beverages, and this has expanded to cannabis as it has been legalized in several provinces. Provinces vary as to controlling all three kinds (beer, wine, and spirits).

-While the Union government handles international trade and internal trade with the indigenous populations, inter-provincial trade is something that has originally been a tricky issue for the Union government to handle. Partial unions of provinces and imperial free trade on the continent helped expand the NA economy slowly but steadily, but there were concerns of protectionist policies by provinces against other provinces or regional unions against others, reflecting the need for a federal-level trade arbitration process. The general government was given more powers to deal with Union-wide internal trade after 1867, and established an Inter-Provincial Trade and Commerce Commission to regulate railway fares, other common carriers, and scrutinize soft protectionist policies of some provinces that were nefarious. The NAU is successfully expanding free internal trade since the end of the War of Wars.

UCHIP: social health insurance, North American style
The All-Union Comprehensive Health Insurance Programme (UCHIP) is the name for the multi-payer healthcare services partnership among all levels of government and private health insurance and publicly provided health insurance. It was established by Jean-Jacques Charles in the 1970s as comprehensive healthcare reform and expansion, with Red Tory backing along with Red Whig support.

All-Union Comprehensive Health Insurance Programme (three levels):

- Employee Health Insurance – offered at their place of employment with cost-sharing between employer and employee
- Assisted Health Insurance – for low-income persons, self-employed, underemployed/part-time workers, and otherwise ineligible for EHI and UPP BHP
- UPP Beneficiary Healthcare Programme (BHP) – covering those 65 and older

Benefits offered by all three levels of insurance:

- Hospital care
- Physicians’’ care in and out of hospital
- Prescription and life-saving drugs
- Laboratory tests and x-rays
- Medical devices
- Ambulance services
- Other ancillary healthcare
- No denial based on the nature of illness
- Coverage for mental health and addictions, no matter where treatment is sought
- Certain nursing homes and other convalescent services
- Healthcare coverage for children: Preventative care up to age 6, and Eye examinations, hearing examinations, and regular dental care up to age 13
- Catastrophic coverage for every North American participating in the programme
- Universal preventative care such as certain vaccines and screening services are available

UCHIP Card

- Given to every North American when the UCHIP Act goes into law and coverage begins for their province (and new cards for new residents moving from a province to another within 30 days of moving and old provincial UCHIP card useable for services in the new province of residence for that time period.
- Honoured by hospitals, nursing homes, emergency rooms, doctors, and clinics across the NAU
- Also contains basic information on blood-type and sensitivity to particular drugs and other allergies
- Bills for services paid would be sent to insurance carrier who would reimburse the provider of the care for services covered then bill the patient for his share of out-of-pocket costs
- Health Savings Plans will be available and the UCHIP Card will double as that per linking with the insurance carrier.

Employee Health Insurance Level

- Employers pay 65 percent of premiums for first three years and 75 percent thereafter enactment of UCHIP; related company taxes and business regulations will be reviewed to ensure to minimize burdens on business. Temporary subsidies are used for the first three years and first two years post-transition to 75 percent premium coverage by employers
- Employees would bay the balance of the premiums.
- Individuals covered by this plan would pay the first 150 NA pounds in annual medical expenses (1,096 NA pounds sterling today); 50-pound deductible (365 NA pounds today) would apply for out-patient drugs with three maximum deductibles per family.
- After this, enrollee would pay 25 percent of additional bills; maximum 1500 NA pounds for a family’s medical expenses (10,969 NA pounds today).

UPP BHP

- Any person over age 65 pays first 100 pounds (731 NA pounds today) for care received in a year and the first 50 pounds (365 NA pounds today) toward outpatient drugs
- Pays 20 percent of any bills above deductible limit with the max out of pocket cost of 750 pounds (5,484 pounds today)
- Lower premiums and lower cost-sharing for low-income individuals with public funds making up the difference.
- Public-private partnership like the real-world Medicare Part D plans would also be available.

Assisted Health Insurance Level

- Covers the unemployed, disabled, self-employed, part-time workers, and otherwise low-income.
- Higher income persons may apply for AHI if they could not get coverage at reasonable rates with EHI.
- Also included are high-risk insurance categories due to health status or type of work
- Working families with incomes up to 5000 pounds (36,564 pounds today) would not pay any premiums at all
- Deductibles, co-insurance, and maximum liability would all be pegged to income levels.
- Simple catastrophic coverage and health savings plans would be available with AHI as well; premiums would be low or zero for qualifying individuals.
- All provincial low-income health insurance plans for most services would be replaced with a uniform national plan of benefits and eligibility standards

Cost controls

- Managed Care Prepaid Health Plans to provide prepaid comprehensive care organisations for individual and family plans.
- Consistent increase in supply of physicians through residency expansions and encouragement of foreign doctors to immigrate to the NAU
- Public health initiatives in anti-smoking, anti-narcotic, anti-drinking campaigns
- Higher taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and encouragement of taxes on sugary products at the provincial and local levels.
- Health Savings Accounts for cost-conscious and “shopper-patients”
- Health sharing plans are also available for medical care shopping
- Co-insurance and copayments are determined by Value-Based Insurance Design
- Provinces to review the operation of health insurance carriers within their jurisdiction. The provinces would approve specific plans, oversee rates, ensure adequate disclosure, require an annual audit and take other appropriate measures. For health care providers, the provinces would assure fair reimbursement for physician services, drugs and institutional services, including a prospective reimbursement system for hospitals. Provincial review boards for maintaining high standards of care and reducing needless hospitalization; operated by groups of private physicians, professional review organizations can do much to ensure quality care while helping to bring about significant savings in health costs.
- Provinces generally provide one-seventh of the funding, with the general government providing the bulk (i.e., six-sevenths of funding)
- EPRs help fund one-seventh of the overall spending on UCHIP, and also provide free and low-cost clinics and community health centers within the EPR.

So, North Americans get reasonably inexpensive health insurance and options to maintain their doctors. User fees and extra billing by some provinces are an issue, as well as the growth of an aging population reliant on chronic care. There is also the First Nations Health Service, which is like a single-payer system but decentralised for the AINs and the Native Land Grants in terms of administration. There is also a Tri-Services Service Personnel and Veterans' Health Service for veterans and their family members, and for the family of service personnel.

Income security
- The Union Pension Plan for non-veterans over 65 with minimum benefits for disabled and retired elderly people, and ISAs (individual superannuation accounts) for people to pick and choose how to build up their income, utilizing mandatory contribution rates based on age but still able to opt-out of the ISAs). WIP for the further explanation

- The ICAP (Integrated Cash Assistance Programme) consists of these benefits for all North American workers as part of the NAU's push towards a guaranteed minimum income:

*An adult grant of about 6,200 NA pounds per person annually, roughly half the All-Union Poverty Level for an unattached individual, for all resident NAU citizens and protected persons (expats have to take their UPP benefits if they want to live in non-UC member nations, including EASs), regardless of employment status (at the age of retirement, people can choose to either UPP benefits or ICAP benefits, whichever is greater, but not both aka the "double-dipping rule" but this decision is made long before this point depending on whether a person saves money during working life in the UPP or not).
*A child grant of 4,500 North American pounds per child for up to 3 children until the child reaches the age of majority (18 as that is when full-time status becomes available), with a phaseout that focused benefits on the poorest half of all children. The phase-out will be friendly (i.e., not a steep welfare trap) and has light work requirements for children that could start part-time work (around ages 14-16). There is also a consideration if the grandparents are the ones really raising the children (i.e., grandparents taking care of their grandchildren).
*A wage subsidy with a maximum benefit of about $2,400 for an individual.

*These programs have coordinated phase-out programs with no welfare trap cliffs, and moderate reductions as people earn more money working. These programs are administered and partly funded by the provincial EPRs, with the rest paid by the general government.

- The general government supports provincial social programs regarding to these issues that mere cash assistance cannot entirely help: substance abuse, child abuse, domestic violence, and reintegration of released prisoners into society. The Paid Family Leave Fiscal Federalism Scheme is the primary method of delivering locally and provincially administered paid family leave programmes with the general government providing supplemental funding and the EPRs pooling funds and cost-sharing. There are at least six weeks of paid leave offered via unemployment insurance/temporary sickness/other provincial leave programmes as a public option, administered by provincial labour departments.

Companies are free to offer their own paid family leave policies. In fact, it is fairly easy to get unemployment insurance benefits, by quitting or by getting fired, though there are workforce investment schemes in place to get people into jobs or to keep working--work-sharing, wage subsidies, retraining programmes, job search assistance.

- The UPP is partially funded by employees and employers who both pay a contribution to the Union Pension Plan ISA based upon their age. There is a minimum benefit (nicknamed the Silver Benefit) for the elderly and one for the disabled (whose benefit is called the Disabled Protection Scheme Benefit) who are of working age; both minimum benefits are indexed to annual average wage increases per individual (with no penalties for married couples); this is paid out of general revenues. For the Individual Superannuation Accounts (like OTL US 401(k)), there are contribution rates: 3-10% for both employers and employees to split evenly (monthly contributions matching, though employers share may limit itself to less than the maximum rate based on what level of government is regulating the industry) as long as the worker under age 55, 5-8% for employers and employees up until 65 or beyond (retirement deferment declarations or re-employment declarations of working until 65-70 depending on the province) and the portfolio switches to favoring bonds over stocks such as with low cost index funds. Workers and employers are free to exceed the maximum rates (with tax-favors past the mandatory contributions) but cannot go below the minimum rates for the age thresholds. Provinces get to set the ISA retirement deferment age thresholds and maximum employer contributions depending on the industry, while the general government gets to set its own maximum employer rate. Self-employed can also get into an ISA with the special Self-Employed ISA Programme. In fact, most workers are auto-enrolled into ISA accounts unless they opt out of it. Corporate tax credits are offered (sliding scale depending on the number of employees and who accept or opt-out of the ISA) for companies to raise the initial savings rate to 6% (3% contribution each for worker and employer) rather than anything less than 6% and with automatic annual gradual increases to 10% (5% contribution each worker and employer); still, workers can accept lower matching rates or opt-out of the ISA entirely. Income distributions from these accounts would be tax free (up to a limit) if converted to an annuity that provided a stable monthly income for life upon retirement.

- At the All-Union level are there are few common (meaning a super-majority of provinces inter-provincial/federal-provincial compacts, agreements among the provinces and/or the federal government and all or most of the provinces to ensure common standards (or "federalize" common inter-provincial standards to streamline the regulatory process), open up provinces to trade and investment, and promote overall deeper integration of the Union. Trade is a grey area somewhat, a competition between provincial and federal jurisdictions, along with the soft protectionist policies that several provinces engage in. While there has been a lot of significant progress, there are a few areas that need integration and liberalization. This is a consequence of the North American cooperative federalist system, where the federal and federated entities must work together on grey areas actively or areas that are defined fairly clearly but need federal-provincial action to work effectively rather than try separately, where there might be conflict or failure to achieve policy goals due to strict division; a lot of this is domestic affairs and socio-economic matters. The general government has been seen to have a lot of influence in promoting and ensuring free internal trade by several General Court cases, though the provinces are seen to have first instance in some cases.

The All-Union level (34+ provinces and the rest with limited participation/observation, with federal sponsorship/participation):
*All-Union Social Compact for social services, equality of opportunity, and mobility rights related to those two things. The Environmental Addendum was agreed upon in 2000, 20 years after the Social Compact was agreed upon, pledging inter-provincial and inter-regional protection of the environment. UCHIP was the impetus of the Social Compact. It establishes goals for the general government, regions, and the provinces, to foster continental integration through common respect and integration of employment opportunities, standards of living, and quality of life, and to ease mobility costs for moving around for jobs, education, and retirement for North American citizens.

*Common Securities Regulation Acts of the 1930s and of recent are a prime example of general model legislation for property and civil rights matters. All provinces have agreed to the legislation, and thus both general and provincial regulators handle this. There has been some disagreement as to how, when, and where general regulators should look into more provincial situations, leading to a Compact where the general regulators are responsible for broad economic considerations of a functioning security market making general regulations and rules, and provinces go after serious violators. Another related one is the Common Prudential Regulation Acts creating the Common Prudential Regulatory Authority for various types of insurance.

*All-Union Agreement on Internal Trade for opening up domestic trade and encouraging all of the provinces in each EPR to go for economic integration and for inter-EPR economic integration, eventually culminating in full All-Union economic integration (right now the Union is considered to be a politically federal entity with free internal trade in several important areas with varying levels of deeper integration at the inter-provincial level (federal and provincial jurisdictions have compromised and reconciled here many times), and is a monetary union (BNA sets monetary policy and runs the common currency, the North American pound) as well and a customs union (the federal government sets external trade policy and regulates trade with the Native American client states)--effectively it is a political-economic-monetary union; there is effectively free movement of goods (with some areas needing improvement) and people, while services and capital are increasingly liberalized); it also engages in fiscal federalism.

*Common Regulatory Passport Compact for certain common inter-provincial regulations (though impacts a lot of regulatory regimes in the Union; the federal CRPC system covers many important financial regulations like securities and others), allows any domestic or foreign investor, buyer, et cetera, to bypass the multitude of provincial regulatory registration (imagine having to go through 56 regulatory regimes if they each control a significant portion of economic regulations) by just applying to the federally sponsored inter-provincial passport system; regulations that are not covered by the CRPC may be covered by the EPR's passport system (usually environmental or labor regulations). The Domestic Regulatory Passport System for Goods and Services is an inter-EPR system for a lot of consumer goods, like alcohol, video games, food, dairy, and others in response to criticism of higher prices from domestic versions compared to cheaper foreign imports of the same kind of good. Automotive parts fall under the general CRPC, which was the first aspect of the CRPC, starting in 1965. All of the Provinces have adopted the general model Sales of Goods Act or enacted substantive equivalents (e.g. Quebec) to foster harmonized laws for commercial transactions.

*All-Union Public Health and Safety Compact for coordinating and sharing information and intelligence on domestic emergencies and public health concerns. This is more of an established common framework to help an activity that has already been going on rather effectively rather than a solution to a major constitutional problem or a major disagreement between the provinces and the federal government.

*All-Union Nonrenewable Resource Management Compact for ensuring the free trade of non-renewable resources in the Union, and setting up reserves for emergencies and downturns.

*All-Union Tax Harmonization Compact for proposing plans and incentives for the harmonization of tax policies for all Provinces to boost inter-provincial trade.

*All-Union Greenhouse Gas Emissions Permit Market Compact and the Climate Change Action Tax Act 2018: the Compact integrates the two EPR permit markets, the New England EPR Greenhouse Gas Initiative and the Inter-Regional Trading Initiative for Carbon Emissions (consisting of the Northeast EPR, and most of the Western Provinces) to foster provincial and regional action against climate change, and the CCAT establishes a federal backstop carbon tax starting at 20 NA pounds per ton of emitted carbon in 2019 to increase to 44 NA pounds per ton of emitted carbon by 2022 for the remaining provinces in the Union not part of an EPR permit market, EPR carbon tax agreement, or their own provincial program. Funds from the federal carbon tax are to be returned to citizens as refundable income tax credits, along with the revenue from the auctioned permits (which have been going to EPR/individual provincial residents since the early 2000s). All of the tradeable permits are auctioned off, and have a price ceiling and price floor (price collar) to mitigate the price volatility of permits. The Secretary of State for Environmental Policy and Climate Change oversees this All-Union compact.

EPR Compacts are inter-provincial compacts that require the approval of all of the provinces in an EPR to go into effect, and are meant to incorporate specific regional and provincial concerns into a single coherent plan of action; there is still federal sponsorship via parliamentary resolution and government recommendation

*Each EPR is part of an EPR economic union (with multitudes of names), a regional single market that harmonizes all regulatory regimes and reduces non-tariff barriers to near zero, and essentially has free movement of goods, services, people, and capital (though those things are effectively mostly now at free movement Union-wide). Provincial labor laws and minimum wages are also set by EPR economic unions, creating common regional standards.

*EPR UCHIP Plans are each EPR's common healthcare budget and set of goals for the next 5 years or so, their part of the UCHIP.

*EPR Water Quality Boards for regulating pollution in waterways and bodies of water within the region and cooperate with other EPRs on dealing with upstream and downstream issues, though under federal sponsorship. Air quality is decentralized but still having significant federal participation more than on water quality.

*Inter-Provincial Compacts are between two or more provinces (but within an EPR usually, as an inter-provincial economic pact between two distant provinces has little chance to work well), but are localized to a particular sub-region of the nation, usually transportation issues like building roads, railways, and constructing and regulating them. They may also deal with particular economic issues. They still get federal oversight and sponsorship, but are considered localized problems and are usually passed with little debate.

-The Union Highway System (UHS), Union Railway System (URS): federal-provincial and interprovincial highway jointly administered and maintained road and rail systems.

The UHS consists of several federal roads connecting the major provincial highways. The general toll roads of the Great Slump era still exist and are generally labeled A-XX (00-49 for East to West, and 50-99 for North to South). The "Continentals" are the general-provincial highway combos that help connect cities and each coast of the Union; they have little to no tolls and were partly intended to help move war material and troops across the country quickly in case of another global war. The Continental 1 (like in OTL) is a set of federal-provincial roads from Quebec down the Eastern Seaboard to Florida Province. The Continental 2 is a set of federal-provincial highways on the West Coast. The Continental 3 is a set from Yukon into TNM (OTL northern section of the Pan-American Highway). And the Continental 4 is from San Francisco and Wellesley to Michigan City and then to Boston (OTL Route 66/I-90). Eastern general toll roads still use tolls as a form of indirect economic control for gas and transportation costs while the Western ones are gradually shifting from tolls to being limited-access freeways. The Continentals go AROUND cities and not THROUGH them like OTL interstate roads. Provinces fund their own roads via tolls mainly. Inter-provincial and general-provincial compacts have negotiated cross-border tolls, standardized exits, signage, and lane sizes, and all general and provincial tolls are overseen by the IPTCC and common aspects of the highways (via the compacts; lane sizes, signage, and general-provincial upgrades and additions) are handled by the UTA. The King's Highway, from Boston to Charleston, is a parallel federal-provincial highway, part of the Continental 1 set, and the oldest highway in the NAU. There is a "Superhighway" the Mid-NAU Trade Corridor, which is a multi-modal set of highways (with the parent Continental 5 that runs down from the deep interior of the NAU to Mexico; OTL Interstate 29 and connected with Interstate 35) that allows the deep interior of the Western Provinces and the interior ports of the Great Lakes to be connected to the Empire of Mexico, becoming the major artery of the NAU's highway and railway system. It carries utilities such as electricity, petroleum, and water, as well as railway track and fiber-optic cables;. At the same time, not one giant super-highway with a hugely wide road; it builds upon the existing general and general-provincial highways with parallel railways systems, lane expansions, and just-below-ground infrastructure for pipe systems and cables.

Interprovincial railways and canals are also handled jointly between the general government and the provinces, as well as the multi-provincial Saint Lawrence Seaway (officially the Saint Lawrence Joint Canal System). After the Great Global War, the general government committed to promoting more toll roads as well as expanding and rationalizing railways, enhancing transcontinental passenger rail and regional rail networks. The EPR High-Speed Rail projects of 2000-2050 are in various stages of completion, creating regional networks of HSR to connect major cities in the EPRs to reduce travel time and transport costs from manufacturing and agricultural/natural resource sites to seaports and airports at the coasts and other major hubs. Southwest TNM and New England are about done while the Great Lakes and Plains EPR projects are already underway. Southeast and Pacific Northwest are still in their planning phases but approaching finalization while the rest save for the Far North are still in preliminary planning stages. All the EPRs and provinces agreed this would be a beneficial plan to make their regions develop and close the urban-rural gap and make the overall NAU an even larger economic engine; public-private partnerships with heavy private investment in all EPRs. Interurban rail and commuter rail, while not HSR has helped with local, regional transport issues.

After the Great Global War, trade gradually retreated back to currency blocs though the United Commonwealth and Atlantic Entente nations promoted trans-Atlantic trade to help rebuild Western Europe and foster economic growth in devastated Europe. Germany and Eastern Europe promoted a customs union to foster economic growth, and Russia's intact industrial base helped Eastern Europe rebuild. Japan fostered its economic sphere, and China promoted its economic openness and economic development with special trade zones with the Great Powers. Gradually, free trade became the new international norm, though heavily dependent on regional blocs. The NAU is considered a nexus of international trade given it's position in the world economy and the extent of its free trade agreements (With China, the Atlantic Entente, the European Customs Union, and the UC). The UC Preference System gradually collapsed, starting in the 1970s and ending by the end of the 20th century, with UC Trade Organization reforms and a desire to avoid war through economic interdependence. The UC Nations and Mother Country all maintain a crawling band, a range for floating exchange rates with their own currencies (for both UC and non-UC countries). This hybrid policy of using fixed and floating methods with the exchange rate helps with economic stability while allowing some wiggle room to combat inflation and have freer capital markets. Small and medium economies in Americas, Europe, and Africa have gone through sterlingisation (like the OTL concept of dollarization), have currency boards, or have adjustable pegs/crawling bands to the NA pound, British pound, or the composite Atlantic pound, while East Asian small and medium economies peg their currency to the yen, have crawling bands for exchanges into yen, or have "yenized". These currencies are backed by stable and low-inflation economies of these great powers. The yen and yuan are also in a crawling band with each other, and each with each of the NAU and UK pounds. This also helps keep things stable, among the major economic players, but also allow for monetary policy discretion. The ECU is starting to have a crawling band for all currencies within their sphere, as well as consider deeper economic integration.

Given the NAU pound sterling being the dominant world reserve currency, even surpassing the British pound sterling, the UC Exchange Area has been "Americanised" and even petroleum is traded in "petropounds".

The current Sovereign when he ascended to the throne in the 1980s, on the Five NAU pound sterling banknote:

- Currency:
Subunits of Currency: pound (20 shillings or 240 pence), shillings (12 pence), and pence are the basic units of account. Crowns (5 shillings), sixpence (half a shilling or 1/40 of a pound), threepence (1/4 of a shilling, 1/80 of a pound) and like are the other intermediate subunits or "super-units" but anything smaller than a pence has been discontinued.
Current Denominations of Currency (Coins): 1 pence, threepence (1/4 shilling) 1/2 shilling (1 sixpence) 1 shilling, 2 shillings (1 florin), half-Crown (2 shillings and sixpence), 5 shillings (1 Crown, or quarter-Sovereign or quarter-pound aka "quarters"), 1/2 pound (10 shillings, or half-Sovereign or half-pound), 1 pound or Sovereign, 2 pounds
Current Denominations of Currency (Banknotes): 5 pounds, 10 pounds, 20 pounds, 50 pounds, 100 pounds, 500 pounds, 1000 pounds, 5000 pounds, 10,000 pounds, 100,000 pounds, 1,000,000 pounds
Former Denominations of Currency (Coins): various
Former Denominations of Currency (Banknotes): various
Images of Currency and Coinage: monarchs past and present, Presidents-General and Viceroys past and present, Prime Ministers past and present

Since the 1930s, two prominent economists have fundamentally shaped the field of economics and public policy. Sir Bernard Morris of Great Britain and Professor Lawrence French of the NAU. Morrisian economics argues the need to maintain demand and consumption in the overall economy to get out cyclical downturns, and this is done through either peacetime or wartime spending. The latter was the main reason why the world got out of the Great Slump--the Great Global War. Though, peacetime consumption and demand promotion by the government was also quite effective in reducing the effects of the Slump. The alternate contemporary of Morris was Lawrence French, who argued that frugality was good for the economy and liberal constitutional government overall. Governments should run balanced budgets with good surpluses, cut spending and raise taxes to keep the general budget balanced (or cut spending and lower taxes during growth as part of New Frenchian Economics of the post-1970s academic debate). If the government did not do that, it would have to print money and contribute to inflation as well as have increasing control over the economy which would also dampen growth.

Frenchian and Morrisian economics are debated in all universities' economic departments across the NAU and across the world. After the war, Morrisian economics was seen as the way to go for many countries in rebuilding as well as fostering regional trade blocs and currency blocs to bolster growth. After the Burma War and the Pacific Crisis, and with greater calls for freer trade among all nations of the world, resurgency of Frenchian economics in the UCTO, ADB, and ECU pushed development aid and loans towards stressing balanced budgets and less regulation of the economy. While freer trade has helped with growth in many countries, the demand of constant balanced budgets has strongly hindered growth as well (with the fewer services and higher taxes that come with balanced budgets). Morrisian economics is seen to do well with countercyclical policy with increased government spending and boosting demand, though people wonder about the deadweight loss that comes with subsidizing ghost companies and inadvertently picking losers.

Neiderhofferism (from the philosophy of German 19th-century thinker Erick Neiderhoffer) stresses a more market-oriented, cooperative-based social democracy or market socialism via workers owning equity in the companies they work for. Something like a mix of European social democracy (with less emphasis on class struggle and more emphasis on reform) with strong elements of market socialism and OTL mutualism. This has usually translated into pushing for worker cooperatives, local economies with public banking and postal banking, sovereign wealth funds for basic income, a welfare state, aid to farmers and rural areas, and government regulation of the capitalist economy with Morrisian economics. Parliamentary syndicalists, like the People's Coalition, have general support with Neiderhofferism as it seems to reform and keep the system and ensure worker democracy (as they believe Rambozism is too vague on how to get to a new society through revolution and will lead to union leadership corruption and dictatorship), while Rambozists call it a half-measure and a diversion from general revolution. There are also religious versions of Neiderhofferism, ranging from mainstream religions to fringe ones like Turnerism.

Rambozist syndicalism (as developed by Alsatian 19th-century philosopher Frederic Ramboz) typically stresses radical worker-ownership and political-economic democracy through trade unions voting on management, production, and expansion, and class struggle to replace bourgeois capitalism with democratic syndicalism. Strikes and eventual insurrections will lead to the trade unions taking over the state. Labor councils and federation of cities and towns would be how the state would transform from geographic bourgeois nation-states to syndicalist industry federated entities and unite the working class. Vanguardism is a strong state version of Rambozism, with the executive committee of the trade union congress and/or syndicalist party promoting and demanding a strong state apparatus to support the trade unions in their work and to guide the workers' revolution and protect it from reactionary elements. Hard syndicalism, like Vanguardist Rambozism or Rutheimite Syndicalism, stresses direct action, including violent individual or cell actions with the Rutheimites aka Criminal Syndicalism, or revolutionary liberation armies if a Vanguardist. Soft Rambozists are generally anarchists, stressing the need of federation and decentralization, and while may be supportive of violent insurrection to overthrow the bourgeois state they demand democratically accountable popular militias and police, and stress self-defence.